从0开始学爬虫10之urllib和requests库与github/api的交互

urllib库的使用

# coding=utf-8
import urllib2
import urllib

# htpbin模拟的环境
URL_IP="http://10.11.0.215:8080"
URL_GET = "http://10.11.0.215:8080/get"

def use_simple_urllib2():
    response = urllib2.urlopen(URL_IP)
    print '>>>> Response Headers:'
    print response.info()
    print '>>>>Response Body:'
    print ''.join([line for line in response.readlines()])

def use_params_urllib2():
    # 构建请求参数
    params = urllib.urlencode({'param1': 'hello','param2': 'world'})
    print 'Request Params:'
    print params
    # 发送请求
    response = urllib2.urlopen('?'.join([URL_GET, '%s']) % params)
    # 处理响应
    print '>>>Response Headers:'
    print response.info()
    print '>>>Status code'
    print response.getcode()
    print '>>>Response Body'
    print ''.join([line for line in response.readlines()])
    # print response.readlines()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # print '>>>Use simple urllib2'
    # use_simple_urllib2()
    print '>>>Use params urllib2'
    use_params_urllib2()

requests库的简单使用

# coding=utf-8

import requests

URL_IP="http://10.11.0.215:8080/ip"
URL_GET="http://10.11.0.215:8080/get"

def use_simple_requests():
    response = requests.get(URL_IP)
    print ">>>Response Headers:"
    print response.headers
    print ">>>Response Code:"
    print response.status_code
    print "Response Body:"
    print response.text

def use_params_requests():
    response = requests.get(URL_GET)
    print ">>>Response Headers:"
    print response.headers
    print ">>>Response Code:"
    print response.status_code
    print response.reason
    print "Response Body:"
    print response.json()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # print "simple requests:"
    # use_simple_requests()
    print "params requests:"
    use_params_requests()

requests和github api的互动

# coding=utf-8
import json
import requests
from requests import exceptions

URL = "https://api.github.com"

def build_uri(endpoint):
    # 拼凑url为最终的api路径
    return '/'.join([URL, endpoint])

def better_print(json_str):
    # 格式化输出， indent=4是缩进为4个空格
    return json.dumps(json.loads(json_str), indent = 4)

def request_method():
    # 获取用户信息
    # response = requests.get(build_uri('users/reblue520'))
    # response = requests.get(build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('reblue520', 'reblue520'))
    response = requests.get(build_uri('user/public_emails'), auth=('reblue520', 'reblue520'))
    print(better_print(response.text))

def params_request():
    response = requests.get(build_uri('users'), params={'since':11})
    print better_print(response.text)
    print response.request.headers
    print response.url

def json_request():
    # 更新用户信息，邮箱必须是已经验证过的邮箱
    # response = requests.patch(build_uri('user'), auth=('reblue520','reblue520'),json={'name':'hellojack2019','email':'reblue520@163.com'})
    response = requests.post(build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('reblue520','Reblue0225520'),json=['hellojack2019@163.com'])
    print better_print(response.text)
    print response.request.headers
    print response.request.body
    print response.status_code

def timeout_request():
    # api异常处理：超时
    try:
        response = requests.get(build_uri('user/emails'), timeout=10)
        response.raise_for_status()
    except exceptions.Timeout as e:
        print e.message
    except exceptions.HTTPError as e:
        print e.message
    else:
        print response.status_code
        print response.text

def hard_requests():
    # 自定义request
    from requests import Request, Session
    s = Session()
    headers = {'User-Agent': 'fake1.3.4'}
    req = Request('GET', build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('reblue520', 'Reblue0225520'), headers=headers)
    prepped = req.prepare()
    print prepped.body
    print prepped.headers

    resp = s.send(prepped, timeout = 5)
    print resp.status_code
    print resp.request.headers
    print resp.text

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # request_method()
    # params_request()
    # json_request()
    # timeout_request()
    hard_requests()

response响应的常用api

响应的基本API
In []: import requests                                                                                                                                                                                              

In []: response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")                                                                                                                                                            

In []: response.status_code
Out[]: 

In []: response.reason
Out[]: 'OK'

In []: response.headers
Out[]: {'Date': 'Sat, 20 Jul 2019 03:48:51 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Server': 'GitHub.com', 'Status': '200 OK', 'X-RateLimit-Limit': '', 'X-RateLimit-Remaining': '', 'X-RateLimit-Reset': '', 'Cache-Control': 'public, max-age=60, s-maxage=60', 'Vary': 'Accept, Accept-Encoding', 'ETag': 'W/"7dc470913f1fe9bb6c7355b50a0737bc"', 'X-GitHub-Media-Type': 'github.v3; format=json', 'Access-Control-Expose-Headers': 'ETag, Link, Location, Retry-After, X-GitHub-OTP, X-RateLimit-Limit, X-RateLimit-Remaining, X-RateLimit-Reset, X-OAuth-Scopes, X-Accepted-OAuth-Scopes, X-Poll-Interval, X-GitHub-Media-Type', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload', 'X-Frame-Options': 'deny', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'X-XSS-Protection': '1; mode=block', 'Referrer-Policy': 'origin-when-cross-origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin', 'Content-Security-Policy': "default-src 'none'", 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-GitHub-Request-Id': '33D9:591B:9D084B:CF860E:5D328F23'}

In []: response.url
Out[]: 'https://api.github.com/'

In []: response.history
Out[]: []

In []: response = requests.get("http://api.github.com")                                                                                                                                                             

In []: response.history
Out[]: [<Response []>]

In []: response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")                                                                                                                                                           

In []: response.elapsed
Out[]: datetime.timedelta(microseconds=)

In []: response.request
Out[]: <PreparedRequest [GET]>

In []: response.request.headers
Out[]: {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.22.0', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}

In []: response.encoding
Out[]: 'utf-8'

In []: response.raw.read()
Out[]: b''

In []: response.content
Out[]: b'{"current_user_url":"https://api.github.com/user","current_user_authorizations_html_url":"https://github.com/settings/connections/applications{/client_id}","authorizations_url":"https://api.github.com/authorizations","code_search_url":"https://api.github.com/search/code?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}","commit_search_url":"https://api.github.com/search/commits?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}","emails_url":"https://api.github.com/user/emails","emojis_url":"https://api.github.com/emojis","events_url":"https://api.github.com/events","feeds_url":"https://api.github.com/feeds","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/user/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/user/following{/target}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/gists{/gist_id}","hub_url":"https://api.github.com/hub","issue_search_url":"https://api.github.com/search/issues?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}","issues_url":"https://api.github.com/issues","keys_url":"https://api.github.com/user/keys","notifications_url":"https://api.github.com/notifications","organization_repositories_url":"https://api.github.com/orgs/{org}/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}","organization_url":"https://api.github.com/orgs/{org}","public_gists_url":"https://api.github.com/gists/public","rate_limit_url":"https://api.github.com/rate_limit","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}","repository_search_url":"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}","current_user_repositories_url":"https://api.github.com/user/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/user/starred{/owner}{/repo}","starred_gists_url":"https://api.github.com/gists/starred","team_url":"https://api.github.com/teams","user_url":"https://api.github.com/users/{user}","user_organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/user/orgs","user_repositories_url":"https://api.github.com/users/{user}/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}","user_search_url":"https://api.github.com/search/users?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}"}'

In []: response.json()
Out[]:
{'current_user_url': 'https://api.github.com/user',
 'current_user_authorizations_html_url': 'https://github.com/settings/connections/applications{/client_id}',
 'authorizations_url': 'https://api.github.com/authorizations',
 'code_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/code?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}',
 'commit_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/commits?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}',
 'emails_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/emails',
 'emojis_url': 'https://api.github.com/emojis',
 'events_url': 'https://api.github.com/events',
 'feeds_url': 'https://api.github.com/feeds',
 'followers_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/followers',
 'following_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/following{/target}',
 'gists_url': 'https://api.github.com/gists{/gist_id}',
 'hub_url': 'https://api.github.com/hub',
 'issue_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/issues?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}',
 'issues_url': 'https://api.github.com/issues',
 'keys_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/keys',
 'notifications_url': 'https://api.github.com/notifications',
 'organization_repositories_url': 'https://api.github.com/orgs/{org}/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}',
 'organization_url': 'https://api.github.com/orgs/{org}',
 'public_gists_url': 'https://api.github.com/gists/public',
 'rate_limit_url': 'https://api.github.com/rate_limit',
 'repository_url': 'https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}',
 'repository_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}',
 'current_user_repositories_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}',
 'starred_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/starred{/owner}{/repo}',
 'starred_gists_url': 'https://api.github.com/gists/starred',
 'team_url': 'https://api.github.com/teams',
 'user_url': 'https://api.github.com/users/{user}',
 'user_organizations_url': 'https://api.github.com/user/orgs',
 'user_repositories_url': 'https://api.github.com/users/{user}/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}',
 'user_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/users?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}'}